The pond as a living system
A pond is like a busy bedroom at night: everyone breathes in the air, and the air slowly gets used up. Fish, tiny green water plants and tiny germs all breathe the oxygen in the water, so the more fish and food you add, the faster it runs out.
- Before this course: Fish Farming (Aquaculture) Business Basics (course 2.18). You already know the main systems, the water basics, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate and the first cost sums. This course teaches how to manage a pond or tank day by day.
- Where oxygen comes from and where it goes. Water plants and algae add oxygen in daylight by photosynthesis. At night they stop adding and use oxygen. Fish, algae and the germs that break down waste all use oxygen all the time. Warm water holds less oxygen than cool water.
- The nitrogen path (standard aquaculture science). Fish eat protein feed and give off ammonia. Helpful bacteria change ammonia into nitrite, and other bacteria change nitrite into nitrate. Ammonia and nitrite are the harmful ones. Overfeeding and overcrowding push more ammonia into the water.
- Daily swing. In fertilised, crowded ponds, oxygen is highest in the late afternoon and lowest just before dawn. For example, Mississippi State University Extension says nearly every pond with a lot of fish (they describe catfish ponds) falls below 2 mg/L at dawn in mid-summer.
- Tilapia (FAO): most species grow between 20 and 35 degrees C, with best growth around 28 to 30 degrees C. Feeding stops at about 11 to 15 degrees C, and deaths rise above 37 degrees C. Other species have other ranges: ask your fisheries office for yours.
- Biomass is the load. The total weight of fish in the water matters more than the number of fish. Fish get heavier every week, so a pond that is fine in week 2 can be at its limit in week 14.
- Draw your pond or tank from the side. Mark the water source, the water outlet and where you feed.
- Draw arrows for oxygen coming in (air at the surface, plants in daylight, any aerator or pump) and oxygen going out (fish, algae, bacteria, uneaten feed).
- Draw a second picture for night. Cross out the plants' oxygen arrow.
- Write the three harmful things that build up: ammonia, nitrite and low oxygen.
- Write which of your fish farm's choices make each one worse (too much feed, too many fish, heat, no aeration).
- Check: a friend can look at your drawing and tell you why the dangerous hour is just before sunrise.
Videos by other creators on YouTube, for reference. They are not made by or affiliated with The Future Market.
Read the video script
[Host at a pond at sunrise] "In fish farming, the most dangerous hour is just before sunrise."
[Screen: oxygen graph rising in the afternoon, falling at night] "In daylight, plants add oxygen. At night they use it. Fish and germs use it all day."
[Text on screen: Warm water holds less oxygen] "Warm water holds less oxygen, so hot weather is risky."
[Host] "Learn the daily swing first. Everything else in pond management follows from it."
Draw your pond or tank as a day picture and a night picture. Mark the oxygen coming in and going out, and write what could build up in the water if you overfeed.
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I'm learning "Pond & Tank Management: water quality and feeding" on The Future Market. Lesson 1: "The pond as a living system". What the lesson teaches: - Before this course: Fish Farming (Aquaculture) Business Basics (course 2.18). You already know the main systems, the water basics, feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival rate and the first cost sums. This course teaches how to manage a pond or tank day by day. - Where oxygen comes from and where it goes. Water plants and algae add oxygen in daylight by photosynthesis. At night they stop adding and use oxygen. Fish, algae and the germs that break down waste all use oxygen all the time. Warm water holds less oxygen than cool water. - The nitrogen path (standard aquaculture science). Fish eat protein feed and give off ammonia. Helpful bacteria change ammonia into nitrite, and other bacteria change nitrite into nitrate. Ammonia and nitrite are the harmful ones. Overfeeding and overcrowding push more ammonia into the water. - Daily swing. In fertilised, crowded ponds, oxygen is highest in the late afternoon and lowest just before dawn. For example, Mississippi State University Extension says nearly every pond with a lot of fish (they describe catfish ponds) falls below 2 mg/L at dawn in mid-summer. - Tilapia (FAO): most species grow between 20 and 35 degrees C, with best growth around 28 to 30 degrees C. Feeding stops at about 11 to 15 degrees C, and deaths rise above 37 degrees C. Other species have other ranges: ask your fisheries office for yours. - Biomass is the load. The total weight of fish in the water matters more than the number of fish. Fish get heavier every week, so a pond that is fine in week 2 can be at its limit in week 14. The exercise I'm working on: Draw your pond or tank as a day picture and a night picture. Mark the oxygen coming in and going out, and write what could build up in the water if you overfeed. I'm stuck. Please: 1. Explain the main idea in plain, simple words with one everyday example. 2. Walk me through the exercise one small step at a time. Ask me what I've done so far before giving the next step. 3. Don't just give me the final answer. Help me do it myself, and check my work when I share it.
I'm a parent helping my child (about 8 years old) with a lesson called "The pond as a living system" from the course "Pond & Tank Management: water quality and feeding". Here's what the lesson says: A pond is like a busy bedroom at night: everyone breathes in the air, and the air slowly gets used up. Fish, tiny green water plants and tiny germs all breathe the oxygen in the water, so the more fish and food you add, the faster it runs out. The activity: Draw your pond or tank as a day picture and a night picture. Mark the oxygen coming in and going out, and write what could build up in the water if you overfeed. Please explain this so an 8-year-old understands: short sentences, a fun everyday example, and no hard words. Then give me 3 simple questions I can ask my child to check they understood, and a way to do the activity together, one tiny step at a time.
Sources
- FAO, Tilapias and their culture (Selected Aspects of Warmwater Fish Culture, chapter 10): www.fao.org/4/t8389e/T8389E10.htm
- Mississippi State University Extension, Catfish water quality: extension.msstate.edu/agriculture/catfish/catfish-water-quality
Testing water and keeping the log
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Oxygen plan and aeration
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Ammonia, nitrite, pH and what to do about them
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Stocking and feeding plan
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Records and decisions each cycle
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Fish-kill emergency plan and official rules
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Final project
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Quiz
When is dissolved oxygen usually lowest in a crowded pond?
Just before dawn.
Why does oxygen fall at night?
Plants stop making oxygen in the dark, while fish, algae and germs keep using it.
At about what temperature does FAO say tilapia growth is best?
Around 28 to 30 degrees C.
What should you do first if ammonia or nitrite is high?
Stop or cut feeding, then check aeration and remove dead fish and extra feed.
What does FAO say about feeding and handling fish in low oxygen?
Do not feed or handle them, because both raise their oxygen use.
Why test oxygen at dawn and in the late afternoon?
Those are the low and high points of the day.
How do you find biomass?
Average fish weight times the number of fish.
Why change only one thing between cycles?
So you know what caused any improvement.
Why should a fish farmer know which government office handles aquatic animal health in their country?
To report disease and get advice from the official office.
Where should a fish farmer ask about fisheries rules and leases?
The national or local fisheries agency.
Final exam
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Certificate
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