Audit your study methods with honest evidence
Some ways of studying feel good, like reading your notes again and again, because it all looks familiar. But looking familiar and being able to remember are different things. A good coach checks the score, not just the feeling.
- In a major 2013 review (Dunlosky and colleagues, in Psychological Science in the Public Interest), researchers rated ten study techniques for how useful they are:
| Rating | Techniques |
|---|---|
| High | Practice testing, distributed (spaced) practice |
| Moderate | Elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, interleaved practice |
| Low | Summarization, highlighting and underlining, keyword mnemonic, imagery for text, rereading |
- The authors said the low-rated methods can help some students on some tasks, but the conditions are narrow. The moderate-rated ones help across some conditions, but the evidence was more limited.
- Be honest about limits. A "high" rating means the method was shown to help across many kinds of tests and learners. It does not mean it will help you by a fixed amount, and most of the research is on short tasks, not whole courses.
- Learning styles: a 2008 review (Pashler, McDaniel, Rohrer and Bjork) found no adequate evidence to justify giving students teaching matched to a "learning style" in general classroom practice. The authors also said that does not prove every version is wrong, only that the evidence for it is missing. So do not pick methods by "I am a visual learner." Pick them by what works.
- Feeling vs result: a technique that feels easy (rereading) can be less effective than one that feels harder (testing yourself). Check by results: scores on practice questions.
- List every way you studied for your last test: for example reread notes, highlighted, made flashcards, did practice questions, made summaries.
- Next to each, write its rating from the table: high, moderate or low.
- Count the minutes you spent on each method.
- Circle the biggest low-rated item. Decide to replace half of that time with a high-rated method.
- Write the replacement as a calendar entry for this week.
- Check: your next study week has at least two high-rated sessions on the calendar, and you can name the method for each.
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Read the video script
[Host] "Does your study method work? Or does it just feel like it works?"
[Text on screen: High: practice testing, spacing. Low: rereading, highlighting.] "A big 2013 review rated ten methods. Testing and spacing were high. Rereading and highlighting were low."
[Host] "And learning styles? No adequate evidence to base teaching on them."
[Screen: study log with minutes per method] "Track your minutes. Swap time from low methods into high ones."
Make your study-method audit for your last exam and replace one low-rated habit with a high-rated one in this week's plan.
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I'm learning "Exam Strategies: planning and practice" on The Future Market. Lesson 1: "Audit your study methods with honest evidence". What the lesson teaches: - In a major 2013 review (Dunlosky and colleagues, in Psychological Science in the Public Interest), researchers rated ten study techniques for how useful they are: - Rating - Techniques - High - Practice testing, distributed (spaced) practice - Moderate - Elaborative interrogation, self-explanation, interleaved practice - Low - Summarization, highlighting and underlining, keyword mnemonic, imagery for text, rereading - The authors said the low-rated methods can help some students on some tasks, but the conditions are narrow. The moderate-rated ones help across some conditions, but the evidence was more limited. - Be honest about limits. A "high" rating means the method was shown to help across many kinds of tests and learners. It does not mean it will help you by a fixed amount, and most of the research is on short tasks, not whole courses. The exercise I'm working on: Make your study-method audit for your last exam and replace one low-rated habit with a high-rated one in this week's plan. I'm stuck. Please: 1. Explain the main idea in plain, simple words with one everyday example. 2. Walk me through the exercise one small step at a time. Ask me what I've done so far before giving the next step. 3. Don't just give me the final answer. Help me do it myself, and check my work when I share it.
I'm a parent helping my child (about 8 years old) with a lesson called "Audit your study methods with honest evidence" from the course "Exam Strategies: planning and practice". Here's what the lesson says: Some ways of studying feel good, like reading your notes again and again, because it all looks familiar. But looking familiar and being able to remember are different things. A good coach checks the score, not just the feeling. The activity: Make your study-method audit for your last exam and replace one low-rated habit with a high-rated one in this week's plan. Please explain this so an 8-year-old understands: short sentences, a fun everyday example, and no hard words. Then give me 3 simple questions I can ask my child to check they understood, and a way to do the activity together, one tiny step at a time.
Sources
- Association for Psychological Science, Which Study Strategies Make the Grade?: www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/which-study-strategies-make
- Dunlosky et al. (2013), Improving students' learning with effective learning techniques: doi.org/10.1177/1529100612453266
- Pashler et al. (2008), Learning styles: concepts and evidence: doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x
Spacing: choose the gap for your exam date
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Mixed practice: when interleaving helps and when it does not
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Explain it to learn it
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Practise like the real exam
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Your exam-season system
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Final project
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Quiz
Which two techniques did the 2013 review rate highest?
Practice testing and distributed (spaced) practice.
Name two low-rated techniques.
Rereading, highlighting and underlining, summarization, keyword mnemonic, imagery for text.
What did the 2008 review find about learning styles?
No adequate evidence to justify matching teaching to learning styles in general classroom practice.
How does the best gap between sessions change as the exam gets further away?
It gets longer.
In the 2006 testing study, who did better on a test five minutes later, and who did better two days and one week later?
Restudy was better at five minutes; testing was better at two days and one week.
What average effect did Rowland (2014) report for testing versus restudy?
Hedges' g = 0.50, a moderate effect.
Why check your answers after retrieval practice?
Feedback stops wrong answers from sticking.
When does interleaving help most, and where did blocking do better?
Mixing problem types helps (such as maths); blocking was better for learning words.
For a 120-minute exam worth 100 marks, about how many minutes should a 5-mark question get?
About 6 minutes.
Why predict your mark before marking a practice exam?
The gap between your guess and the real mark shows how well you judge your own learning.
How much sleep do health guidelines usually recommend for ages 14 to 17?
About 8 to 10 hours.
Who can you reach out to if exam worry feels too big?
A trusted adult, counsellor, doctor or your country's youth helpline. If someone is in danger right now, call your local emergency number.
Final exam
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Certificate
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