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Excel Modelling: audited models and teaching others

Step 8 of 8 in Tech Lab

Next in your path: 7.2.4 Sheets Systems Lead: governance and team training

What you'll be able to do
  • Design a model that other people can trust: separate inputs, calculations, outputs, checks and a read me.
  • Write formulas that explain themselves with names, LET and LAMBDA.
  • Build a check sheet with one master check that tells you at a glance whether the model is safe to use.
  • Compare scenarios with a scenario switch, Scenario Manager, data tables and Goal Seek.
  • Audit someone else's workbook step by step with Excel's formula auditing tools, and write up what you find.
  • Protect, version and hand over a model so it keeps working after you leave.
  • Write modelling standards for a team and run a maker-checker review.
  • Plan and teach a short, hands-on Excel workshop.

Before this course: Excel Automation: Power Query, dashboards and macros (course 7.1.3). You should already be able to import and clean data with Power Query, combine monthly files, build dashboards with slicers and timelines, record simple macros and write a Read me with check cells. In 7.1.3 you made a workbook that refreshes itself. In this course you build models that make decisions, check other people's work and teach your team to do the same.

A note on versions: LET works in Excel for Microsoft 365, Excel 2024 and Excel 2021. LAMBDA works in Excel for Microsoft 365 and Excel 2024. Menu and group names can differ by version. All money in the examples is practice numbers in "your currency". This course teaches spreadsheet skills; it is not financial advice.

Words in this course 50Open the Vocabulary Hall
01

What an expert model looks like

In simple words

Think of a bakery. Ingredients go on one shelf, the mixing happens on the table, and the cakes go in the shop window. Nobody mixes dough in the shop window. A good model works the same way: inputs on one sheet, the working on another, results on a third, and a checker who tastes everything before it goes out.

Key facts
  • Before this course: Excel Automation (course 7.1.3). You already plan workbooks in layers. A model adds one more idea: someone will make a decision with your numbers, so the model must be easy to check.
  • Plan a model in five parts. Each sheet has one job:
SheetJobRule
Read mePurpose, owner, how to use it, change logWritten for a newcomer
InputsEvery number you might want to change, with units and a sourceThe only place people type numbers
CalcThe workingFormulas only, no typed numbers
OutputsResults for the reader: tables and chartsFormulas only, links to Calc
ChecksTests that prove the model adds upOne master check at the top
  • Flow in one direction: Inputs feed Calc, Calc feeds Outputs. Checks read everything. A reader can follow any number back to its input.
  • One formula per row: in a row of years, the same formula should be copied across. A different formula in the middle of a row is a common place for errors (Lesson 5).
  • No typed numbers inside formulas. =C4*1.8 hides the unit cost. =C4*Unit_Cost shows it, and changes when the input changes.
  • Name your inputs. Select a cell, type a name in the Name Box and press Enter, or choose Formulas > Define Name. Formulas > Create from Selection names cells from the labels next to them. Formulas > Name Manager lists every name, what it refers to and its scope.
  • Name rules (Excel): the first character must be a letter, an underscore or a backslash; no spaces (use Sales_Tax or First.Quarter); up to 255 characters; a name cannot look like a cell reference such as Z$100; Excel does not tell upper and lower case apart, so Sales and SALES clash. A name can belong to the whole workbook or to one worksheet (its scope).
  • Make inputs look like inputs. Create your own cell styles with Home > Cell Styles > New Cell Style (for example "Model Input", "Model Calc", "Model Check") and use them on every model, so a reader sees at once which cells to type in.
  • Guard the inputs with Data > Data Validation (in the Data Tools group). Allow a Whole Number, Decimal, List, Date and more, add an Input Message, and choose an Error Alert style such as Stop (the user must fix the entry).
Example (the model used in this course)

A small bakery is thinking about a new product line for three years. Inputs sheet:

InputNameValueUnit
Units sold in year 1Units_Y112,000units
Growth per yearGrowth10%%
PricePrice4.50your currency per unit
Unit costUnit_Cost1.80your currency per unit
Fixed costs per yearFixed_Costs18,000your currency

Calc sheet:

RowYear 1Year 2Year 3
Units (year 1 = Units_Y1, then previous year x (1 + Growth))12,00013,20014,520
Revenue = Units x Price54,00059,40065,340
Variable cost = Units x Unit_Cost21,60023,76026,136
Gross margin = Revenue - Variable cost32,40035,64039,204
Fixed costs18,00018,00018,000
Profit = Gross margin - Fixed costs14,40017,64021,204

Three-year profit: 53,244.

Step by step
  1. Make a new workbook with five sheets: Read me, Inputs, Calc, Outputs, Checks.
  2. On Inputs, type the five inputs with their units. Name each value cell (Name Box, or Formulas, Create from Selection using the labels).
  3. Create a cell style called "Model Input" (Home, Cell Styles, New Cell Style) and apply it to the five input cells.
  4. Add data validation to Price and Unit_Cost: Data, Data Validation, Allow Decimal, greater than 0, with a Stop error alert.
  5. On Calc, build the six rows for three years using only names and cell links, never typed numbers.
  6. Open Formulas, Name Manager and check that every name refers to the right cell.
  7. Check: Year 1 profit is 14,400 and the three-year total is 53,244. Change Price to 5.00 and see every year change.
Watch on YouTube
Financial modelling best practicesCFA Society New Zealand · YouTube · youtube.com

Videos by other creators on YouTube, for reference. They are not made by or affiliated with The Future Market.

LESSON 01What an expert model looks like
LESSON 01 / ANIMATED LESSON / AI VOICE00:00 / 01:00
Read the video script
[Host] "A model is a spreadsheet that someone will use to make a decision. So it has to be easy to check."
[Text on screen: Read me. Inputs. Calc. Outputs. Checks.] "Five sheets, five jobs. People only type on the Inputs sheet."
[Screen: formula =C4*1.8 changing to =C4*Unit_Cost] "Never hide a number inside a formula. Give it a name and put it with the inputs."
[Screen: Data Validation dialog with a Stop alert] "Then guard the inputs, so a wrong entry is stopped at the door."
Try it now

Pick a decision you or your team faces (a price change, a new product, hiring one more person). Write the five-sheet plan on paper: list every input with its unit and where the number comes from, and the three results the reader needs.

ClaudeStuck? Copy a ready-made prompt for Claude

Copy this, open Claude, paste it, and Claude will walk you through the lesson step by step.

For a grown-up: Claude is for adults (18+). Copy this, paste it into Claude, and use the answer to explain the lesson to your child.

I'm learning "Excel Modelling: audited models and teaching others" on The Future Market. Lesson 1: "What an expert model looks like".

What the lesson teaches:
- Before this course: Excel Automation (course 7.1.3). You already plan workbooks in layers. A model adds one more idea: someone will make a decision with your numbers, so the model must be easy to check.
- Plan a model in five parts. Each sheet has one job:
- Sheet - Job - Rule
- Read me - Purpose, owner, how to use it, change log - Written for a newcomer
- Inputs - Every number you might want to change, with units and a source - The only place people type numbers
- Calc - The working - Formulas only, no typed numbers
- Outputs - Results for the reader: tables and charts - Formulas only, links to Calc

The exercise I'm working on:
Pick a decision you or your team faces (a price change, a new product, hiring one more person). Write the five-sheet plan on paper: list every input with its unit and where the number comes from, and the three results the reader needs.

I'm stuck. Please:
1. Explain the main idea in plain, simple words with one everyday example.
2. Walk me through the exercise one small step at a time. Ask me what I've done so far before giving the next step.
3. Don't just give me the final answer. Help me do it myself, and check my work when I share it.
I'm a parent helping my child (about 8 years old) with a lesson called "What an expert model looks like" from the course "Excel Modelling: audited models and teaching others".

Here's what the lesson says:
Think of a bakery. Ingredients go on one shelf, the mixing happens on the table, and the cakes go in the shop window. Nobody mixes dough in the shop window. A good model works the same way: inputs on one sheet, the working on another, results on a third, and a checker who tastes everything before it goes out.

The activity:
Pick a decision you or your team faces (a price change, a new product, hiring one more person). Write the five-sheet plan on paper: list every input with its unit and where the number comes from, and the three results the reader needs.

Please explain this so an 8-year-old understands: short sentences, a fun everyday example, and no hard words.
Then give me 3 simple questions I can ask my child to check they understood, and a way to do the activity together, one tiny step at a time.
Open Claude
Sources
My notes
02

Formulas that explain themselves

This lesson is part of full access: every course and every level for one payment.

03

Checks that catch mistakes

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04

Scenarios, sensitivity and Goal Seek

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05

Audit someone else's workbook

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06

Report findings, protect and hand over

This lesson is part of full access: every course and every level for one payment.

07

Write modelling standards for a team

This lesson is part of full access: every course and every level for one payment.

08

Teach a short Excel workshop

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++

Final project

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??

Quiz

  1. What are the five sheets of a well-built model?

  2. Why should formulas not contain typed numbers such as 1.8?

  3. Can an Excel name contain a space?

  4. What does LET do?

  5. How do you test a LAMBDA before saving it?

  6. Why use ABS(a - b) < 0.005 in a check instead of a = b?

  7. Why is IFERROR(x, 0) risky?

  8. How many inputs can a data table handle?

  9. What does Goal Seek need?

  10. Which tool finds numbers typed where formulas should be?

  11. What does Ctrl+` do?

  12. Is sheet protection a security feature?

  13. What is a maker-checker review?

  14. In a workshop, what does "show, try, check" mean?

EX

Final exam

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CE

Certificate

This lesson is part of full access: every course and every level for one payment.